Tragedy and the Common Man - Miller Redefines the Tragic Hero :: Tragedy and the Common Man Essays

Tragedy and the Common Man - Arthur Miller redefines the Tragic Hero Arthur Miller states in his essay, "Tragedy and the Common Man," " . . . we are often held to be below tragedy--or tragedy below us . . . (tragedy is) fit only for the highly placed . . . and where this admission is not made in so many words it is most often implied." However, Miller believes " . . . the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were" (1021). It is this belief that causes Miller to use a common man, Willie Loman, as the subject of his tragedy, Death of a Salesman. Miller redefines the tragic hero to fit a more modern age, and the product of this redefinition is Willie. Miller states, " . . . the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life . . . to secure one thing, his sense of personal dignity" (1021). Willie is no exception. Willie's sense of personal dignity is primarily found in his family, most notably his son Biff. Willie transfers his dreams of being great onto Biff and, when Biff is a failure in the world, these dreams affect Willie's self-image and sense of personal dignity. To regain this personal dignity, Willie must make Biff great. In the end, it is the love for his son and the belief that his insurance money will make Biff "magnificent" that give him the needed excuse and cause him to end his life. "Tragedy, then, is the consequence of a man's total compulsion to evaluate himself justly" (1021). It is the nature of man to make evaluations of himself based upon his peers. Willie's peer with whom he evaluates himself is Charley. Willie and Charley are about the same age, their children grew up together, and have been friends for many years. Charley has achieved what Willie has dreamed of for so long. Charley's son is a successful lawyer, whereas Biff is a loafer. Charley is successful in business, whereas Willie has "washed out." As mentioned before, for Willie to be great, Biff must be great. Willie has failed his job in making Biff better than Charley's son, therefore he fails his evaluations of himself. "The flaw Tragedy and the Common Man - Miller Redefines the Tragic Hero :: Tragedy and the Common Man Essays Tragedy and the Common Man - Arthur Miller redefines the Tragic Hero Arthur Miller states in his essay, "Tragedy and the Common Man," " . . . we are often held to be below tragedy--or tragedy below us . . . (tragedy is) fit only for the highly placed . . . and where this admission is not made in so many words it is most often implied." However, Miller believes " . . . the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were" (1021). It is this belief that causes Miller to use a common man, Willie Loman, as the subject of his tragedy, Death of a Salesman. Miller redefines the tragic hero to fit a more modern age, and the product of this redefinition is Willie. Miller states, " . . . the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life . . . to secure one thing, his sense of personal dignity" (1021). Willie is no exception. Willie's sense of personal dignity is primarily found in his family, most notably his son Biff. Willie transfers his dreams of being great onto Biff and, when Biff is a failure in the world, these dreams affect Willie's self-image and sense of personal dignity. To regain this personal dignity, Willie must make Biff great. In the end, it is the love for his son and the belief that his insurance money will make Biff "magnificent" that give him the needed excuse and cause him to end his life. "Tragedy, then, is the consequence of a man's total compulsion to evaluate himself justly" (1021). It is the nature of man to make evaluations of himself based upon his peers. Willie's peer with whom he evaluates himself is Charley. Willie and Charley are about the same age, their children grew up together, and have been friends for many years. Charley has achieved what Willie has dreamed of for so long. Charley's son is a successful lawyer, whereas Biff is a loafer. Charley is successful in business, whereas Willie has "washed out." As mentioned before, for Willie to be great, Biff must be great. Willie has failed his job in making Biff better than Charley's son, therefore he fails his evaluations of himself. "The flaw

Unit G Psychology 101

1. Glucose is: A. the hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior. B. the neurotransmitter that promotes satiation and produces feelings of fullness as you eat. C. also called the â€Å"hunger hormone† because its presence in the lining of the stomach strongly stimulates appetite. *D. also called blood sugar and is the primary source of energy in your body. 2. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Maslow's theory of motivation?A. Maslow's initial studies on self-actualization were based on limited samples and often relied on the life stories of acquaintances, and biographies and autobiographies of historical figures he selected. B. The concept of self-actualization is vague and almost impossible to define in such a way that it could be empirically measured or tested. C. Despite the claim that that self-actualization is an inborn motivational goal, most people do not experience or achieve self-actualization. * D. Because of Maslow's influence, psychology was encouraged to focus on the motivation and development of psychologically healthy people.3. Psychologists define the term _____ as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. A. motivation *B. emotion C. self-efficacy D. anthropomorphism4. Which of the following lists the correct seq uence of sleep stages during the first 90 minutes of sleep? * A. stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM, REM sleep B. REM sleep, stage 4 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 1 NREM C. stage 1 REM, stage 2 REM, stage 3 REM, stage 4 REM, NREM D. wakefulness, drowsiness, dreaming, deep sleep, paradoxical sleep5. Sleep restriction studies have shown that: A. research participants adapted to the four-hour-per-night sleep schedule by the end of the first week and showed no cognitive or physical impairments over the course of the experiments. B. there were some beneficial effects in terms of memory consolidation, reaction time, and immune system functioning. * C. mmune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk were all diminished. D. there is no evidence to support the notion that REM and NREM sleep deprivation result in REM and NREM rebound effects.6. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors are _______ that tend to occu r in _______. *A. parasomnias; stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep B. parasomnias; REM sleep C. dyssomnias; stages 1 and 2 NREM sleep D. dyssomnias; REM sleep7. Which of the following is an example of a parasomnia? A. insomnia B. narcolepsy C. obstructive sleep apnea *D. leep-related eating disorder (SRED)8. Scientists found that diminished levels of a special class of neurotransmitter called hypocretins, which are produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, have been implicated in a sleep disorder called _______. * A. narcolepsy B. obstructive sleep apnea C. sexsomnia D. somnambulism9. Heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine are all addictive drugs that increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain? A. serotonin B. melatonin C. norepinephrine * D. dopamine10. Caffeine: * A. is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world. B. gets its stimulant effect by promoting the release of adenosine in the brian's prefrontal cortex. C. gets its stimulant effect by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. D. is the most widely used non-physically addictive drug in the world.11. Which of the following is a derivative of opium? A. mescaline B. Oxycontin C. psilocybin * D. codeine12. According to _____ theories of motivation, behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. A. incentive * B. drive C. humanistic D. instinct13. According to the _____ theory of emotion, your subjective emotional experience is the direct result of physical changes in your body. *A. James-Lange B. cognitive-appraisal C. self-determination D. Schachter-Singer two-factor14. Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise comprise the list that Paul Ekman calls: A. the facial code. B. facial movements. C. the primary code. * D. primary affects.15. When people mask an emotion: A. it is impossible to detect their true emotion. *B. the true emotion flashes on their face before they compose their face. C. the true emotion can be read in their eyes. D. their facial muscles always twitch.16. How do Psychoactive drugs work? -once in our bloodstream, psychoactive drugs influence our behavior by altering the functioning of the central nervous system in some way.17. What is anger? What features does anger share with other emotions? – Anger is â€Å"an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage,† Like other emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes; when you get angry, your heart rate and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.18. Define dyssomnia- A general term used to describe any sleeping condition where a person has trouble either getting to sleep or staying asleep.19. Define parasomnia- A category of sleep disorders in which abnormal events occur during sleep, such as sleepwalking or talking; due to inappropriately timed activation of physiological sy stems.20. Define hypnosis- An artificially induced trance state resembling sleep, characterized by heightened susceptibility to suggestion.

Book Summary for Siddhartha

Siddhartha is a novel by German author Hermann Hesse. It was first published in 1921. Publication in the United States occurred in 1951 by New Directions Publishing of New York. Setting The novel Siddhartha is set in the Indian Subcontinent (Islands off the southeastern tip of the  Indian  peninsula), is often considered a part of the  subcontinent. during the time of the Buddhas enlightenment and teaching. The period about which Hesse writes is between the fourth and fifth century BCE. Characters Siddhartha - the protagonist of the novel, Siddhartha is the son of a Brahmin (religious leader). During the course of the story, Siddhartha journeys far from home in search of spiritual enlightenment. Govinda - Siddharthas best friend, Govinda is also searching for spiritual enlightenment. Govinda is a foil to Siddhartha as he is, unlike his friend, willing to accept spiritual teachings without question. Kamala - a courtesan, Kamala acts as the ambassador to the material world, introducing Siddhartha to the ways of the flesh. Vasudeva - the ferryman who sets Siddhartha on the true path to enlightenment. Plot for Siddhartha Siddhartha centers on the spiritual quest of its title character. Dissatisfied with the ritualistic religious upbringing of his youth, Siddhartha leaves his home with his companion Govinda to join a group of ascetics who have renounced the pleasures of the world in favor of religious meditation. Siddhartha remains unsatisfied and turns to a life opposite to that of the Samanas. He embraces the pleasures of the material world and abandons himself to these experiences. Eventually, he becomes disillusioned with the decadence of this life and again wanders in search of spiritual wholeness. His quest for enlightenment is finally achieved when he meets a simple ferryman and comes to understand the true nature of the world and himself. Questions Consider the following while reading the novel. 1. Questions about the character: What significant differences are there between Siddhartha and Govinda?Why does Siddhartha continue to question and explore different philosophies and ideas about religion?Why does Siddhartha reject the teachings of the Buddha?In what way is Siddharthas son like his father?Explain the dual role of the ferryman. 2. Questions about the theme: What role does the natural world play in the thematic development of the novel?What is Hesse saying about the quest for enlightenment?How does the internal conflict of Siddhartha add to the archetypal theme of Man vs. Himself?In what way does love confound Siddhartha? Possible First Sentences Like many great novels, Siddhartha is the story of an individual in search of answers about himself and his world.The idea of spiritual enlightenment is very complex.Siddhartha is a revelation of Eastern religion and philosophy.

Essay Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - 538 Words

A Raisin in the Sun In the book â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry, there were characters whose dreams were stated, some of which were shattered by greed and misfortune and others which would eventually come to be true. The first dream that came about was Walter’s dream of one day owning and maintaining a liquor store. He would do anything to attempt to get his dream to come true, but his mama wanted anything but that to happen. His mama had a dream of her own though, she dreamed of one day owning her own house, where her whole family could stay comfortably. She dreamed this because in the apartment that she resided in was too small, and dumpy, as Ruth called it. Her grandson Travis had to sleep on the couch, and all†¦show more content†¦Suddenly, things changed, and Walter and his family came into quite a bit of money. Walter’s mama got a check for ten thousand dollars from her husbands life insurance after he passed away, which was a lot of money in that period of time. A nice house or a liquor store could easily be bought with half of the money from the check. Since the check was actually written out to mama, the money was all technically hers, so all that she wanted to do with it was buy her new house for her family, but stubborn Walter, he wanted his liquor store, and would stop at nothing to get it. When he finally realized that his mama was never going to give him the money to get the liquor store, he took it upon himself to get it himself. He eventually stole a portion of his mama’s money to get the store, but he was taken for a fool when the other person that he was making a deal with, stole all of his money. Now he had nothing, and mama had only some of her money. He finally realized that he had been wrong all along, and that he should have done what was best for his family before he tried to benefit from the money for himself. This part of a poem by Langston Hughes best describes his dreams: â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . That is exactly what happened to Walter’s dream, it just sat there and dried up like a raisin in the sun because he did nothing about it until heShow MoreRelatedLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun1260 Words   |  6 Pagesoblivious to this fact, and to those who are aware and accept this knowledge. The people who are oblivious represent those who are ignorant of the fact that their dream will be deferred. This denial is the core of the concept used in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. The perception of the American Dream is one that is highly subjective, but every individual dream ends in its own deferment. During the 1960s, the African-American people were in racial situations due to their â€Å"lowered status†Read MoreLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun1850 Words   |  8 PagesIn Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† (1959), she reveals the life of the Youngers family. In doing so, there surfaces a detrimental ideology that destroys the family financially and in their overall happiness. In Act II Scene I, Walter, the father figure of the family, says, â€Å"Why? You want to know why? Cause we all tied up in a race of people that don t know how to do nothing but moan, pray and have babies!† (Hansberry 532). By way of explanation, the family and much of the African-AmericanRead MorePride in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun611 Words   |  2 Pages Pride Numerous meanings thrive throughout Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun. One of the most prominent essential values shared is pride. The Younger family having little financial worth to their name holds pride as a means of dignity. Pride is depicted in almost every aspect of the novel, particularly represented through intricate self-respected morals, dreams, and struggle. Every character relays pride in their unique way. Mama and Walter are the most diverse to analyze in terms of layeredRead MoreAnalysis Of Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun1092 Words   |  5 PagesLorraine Hansberry was an African-American female playwright born in Chicago in 1930. Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, has won awards such as the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award for Best Play and is loosely based on events involving her own family. This play portrays a poor African-American family of five known as the Younger Family, living on the South side of Chicago in a run-down one-bedroom apartment, Its furnishings are typical and undistinguished and their primary feature now isRead More Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay552 Words   |  3 Pages But not everyone will achieve their dreams and some, because of sad circumstances lose their grip on their dream and fall into a state of disappointment. Langston Hughes poem relates to the dreams of Mama, Ruth, and Walter in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ruth has to listen to Walter’s extravagant dreams of being rich and powerful all the time and know that these dreams will never happen. They are very poor and Travis must sleep on the couch becauseRead MoreLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun735 Words   |  3 PagesThe play â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry shows three generation of women under the same roof and the struggle each women face, the dreams that they had and how they overcome the obstacle in their life to move on to something better. The women in the family has had to sacrifice a lot to make the family either happy or progress further in life. Lena Younger became the head of the household upon the death of her husband. She moved from the south to the north to better herself and her lifeRead MoreEssay on Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun1190 Words   |  5 Pages Lorraine Hansberry’s novel, A Raisin in the Sun, revolves around a middle-class African-American family, struggling during World War II. By reading about the Younger’s true to life experiences, one learns many important life lessons. One of the aforementioned would be that a person should always put family’s needs before their own. There are many examples of this throughout the novel. Just a few of these would be the example of Ruth and her unborn baby, Walter regaining the respect of his familyRead More Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay3889 Words   |  16 PagesLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun A dream deferred is a dream put off to another time, much like this essay. But unlike dreams sometimes, this essay will get fulfilled and done with. Each character from A Raisin in the Sun had a deferred dream, even little Travis although his dream was not directly stated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their dreams become dried up like a raisin in the sun. Not just dreams are dried up though; Walter Lee and Ruth’s marriage became dried up also. Their marriage was no longerRead MoreLorraine Hansberrys Raisin In The Sun1883 Words   |  8 PagesOver 5 decades ago Lorraine Hansberry wrote a play, Raisin in the Sun, about a family living in Chicago  during the Civil Rights Era.   The play illustrates a realistic portrait of African-American life during the late 50’s early 60’s.   The family comes into some money as a result of the Patriarch of the family passing away.   This insurance check presents an opportunity for each member of the family to realize their dreams in order to escape the ghetto.   However, each family member/character dealsRead MoreEssay Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun2551 Words   |  11 PagesRaisin in the Sun In the story â€Å"Raisin in the Sun† there is basically a group of characters all in one family living in a small apartment with everyday their love dying a little more. The family is black and through the whole play it shows how segregation was played in the 1950s. Ruth Younger is a wife of Walter Younger and a Mother of Travis Younger who is living in a small living assortment and just wants to get away and move on to something bigger and something more independent. Now with her

Literature Review on Marketing - 2770 Words

Literature Review on Marketing This part of the thesis deals with the research and critical comments on various literatures related with the marketing activities that can be implemented by a firm to improve their business performance. Marketing Strategy: According to Ferrell and Hartline (2010) Marketing Strategy is both art and science where the firm finds or plans ways to deliver their value by fulfilling the needs wants of their potential customers. This helps in determining the marketing mix and analyzing the competitive advantage of the firm by implementing and presenting new ideas so as to satisfy their customers. Employing strategies helps in increasing the level of sales by branding, advertising promotion. So as per the†¦show more content†¦But for this to be applied the market must first be defined properly meaning the company must realise exactly in which particular market or markets it is entering. The PESTEL Analysis basically defines the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental Legal factors that can affect the firm as it offers a valuable starting point of the overall environment surrounding an organisation (Lynch, 2006). Though the PESTEL analysis is depend on past events and experience, but the analysis can be used as a forecast of the future by the managers. Although, this analysis is effective but must be updated on a regular basis as over time the lifestyles, regulations, culture and technology keeps on changing. The Degree of turbulence at the general level of environmental analysis considers the basic conditions surrounding the organisation (Lynch, 2006). Special attention needs to be directed to the nature and strength of the forces driving the change in the dynamics of the environment and the environmental forces that immediate the organisation can be measured according to firstly the Changeability which is the degree of the environment that is likely to change theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Literature Review11908 Words   |  48 PagesMarketing Literature Review This section is based on a selection of article abstracts from a comprehensive business literature database. Marketing-related abstracts from over 125 journals (both academic and trade) are reviewed by JM staff. Descriptors for each entry are assigned by JM staff. Each issue of this section represents three months of entries into the database. JM thanks UMI for use of the ABI/INFORM business database. Each entry has an identifying number. 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Examine the effectiveness of the ending of A View from the Bridge Essay Example For Students

Examine the effectiveness of the ending of A View from the Bridge Essay The title of a view from the bridge refers to very specific parts. The bridge mentioned is the famous Brooklyn Bridge which joins Brooklyn and Manhattan. Brooklyn is a very industrial city which relies on deliveries to the port whereas Manhattan is a more commercial town that is a lot richer. The view in the title is a pun as it could mean a physical view of the community or an opinion of how the community lives. Moreover the audience is being asked to vie the events on stage. The view which is seen on the cover from the Brooklyn Bridge on the cover is a picture of the tenements, Brooklyns style of housing which provides most of the residences for Brooklyns society. Miller saw this as a community populated and worked by people who were poorly paid and in many cases, recent immigrants working in the United States. Brooklyn as portrayed by miller was a very tight knit community. Everyone knows each other and no secrets would be kept, for example the whole neighbourhood would know Marco and Rodolpho were there as soon as they arrived. The waterfront community of Brooklyn Arthur Miller described as a very dangerous and mysterious place. The area was considered dangerous because of the code of honour. If this was broken the consequences were violent and considered very dangerous indeed. The area was also very mysterious to the audience as well as Arthur Miller as they dont understand why the community is controlled by the syndicate and not the law. The syndicate were the people who organised all the illegal immigrant transfers from Sicily to America. The people in the audience were probably better of and well educated and didnt know the schedule of the community and the way the residents behaved and acted towards each other. Miller first wrote A view from the bridge as a Modern Greek tragedy in which the central character is led by fate towards a destiny that cannot be escaped. Miller also first produced a view from the bridge in verse but then later changed it to prose. Miller first wrote A View from the Bridge in verse because many Greek tragedies were written in verse and because Shakespeare wrote his plays in verse. Miller changed it to prose because it reflects the community the play is based upon, However Alfieri uses poetic images. the flat air in my office suddenly washes in with the green scent of the sea, the dust in the air is blown away and the thought comes that in some Caesars year, in Calabria perhaps or on the cliff at Syracuse, another lawyer, quite differently dressed, heard the same complaint The dramatic effect of Alfieris words is that when the play ends the final word is alarm, This means a type of warning . Before alarm there is a dramatic pause and Alfieri hesitates during the final speech. Miller wanted the audience to leave with a type of warning message as they recall the last word of the play the most. There are some operatic overtones in his play. Miller also changed it to prose although verse fits opera better than prose. By these images Miller is suggesting a difference between the Sicilian background of the immigrants and the harsher, duller tenement background to Brooklyn. Moreover, the allusions to Ceaser reinforce the tragic nature of the play and also that the tragedy which is about to unfold is part of human nature. There was also a strong code of honour believed in by many inhabitants of the Brooklyn Community. A code of honour is a set of regulations believed in by members of a certain neighbourhood. It only applies to that community and can cause predictable grief if broken. Miller spoke of the Brooklyn waterfront as the Wild West a desert beyond The Law this was the idea of A mans gotta do what a mans gotta do this was also where the idea of a duel comes from. In the play A View from the Bridge Alfieri plays many different parts. The first of these parts was the Prologue, a typical device in Greek tragedy. .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 , .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .postImageUrl , .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 , .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48:hover , .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48:visited , .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48:active { border:0!important; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48:active , .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48 .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc0e1efc0c590456bc96e5c3c4b59d48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Titanic Essay PaperThe prologue was said at the beginning of the play. This speech gives some clue about the characters, situation and theme. Alfieri refers to Sicily, which provides most of the background for many who live in his community Alfieri also uses the past tense; therefore the scenes are watched as a series of flashbacks. The second of these parts is the chorus (narrator) which also arises out of a reek tragedy. The chorus helps provide background information on the characters movement and the environment of the play. They also comment upon the actions of other characters and the environment of the play. They chorus sets the scene for what is coming and the consequences of the characters actions. Alfieri comments upon Eddie, His eyes were like tunnels when he goes to see him. At this time Eddie was clearly on the path to destruction his eyes were like tunnels is a simile to show the sheer desperation in Eddies eyes. There was no feelings in his eyes, no movement, just black holes. Eddie has become depressed and desperate. Everything just disappears. Therefore at that moment he is not thinking of the consequences of his desire to split Rodolpho and Catherine up.

Why Did the Polls Get it Wrong in 1992 Essay Paper Example For Students

Why Did the Polls Get it Wrong in 1992? Essay Paper Opinion polls play a major role in politics, they can be used by the Governmentto decide when to call and election, and, among other things, how their pre-election campaigns are run. Throughout the history of opinion polling, from thetime when polling began to be widely used before an election, in 1945, until1987, the last general election before 1992, the polls have on average beencorrect to within 1.3% of the vote share between the three leading parties, andthe other category (Crewe, 1992, p. 478). This puts all the previous opinionpolls well within the +/-3% margin of error. Because of the past accuracy ofopinion polling, the system has had great credibility and has always beentrusted, both by the public, and political parties. The way polling forecastscan affect the way people vote is very dramatic, this is because they can be aself fulfilling prophecy, in that some voters like to back the winning team,and others only vote for a party they feel has a real chance. This wasdemonstr ated in 1983, when the Alliance, frustrated with the media concentratingonly on their position in the polls, leaked their own private polls to the press,resulting in a late surge of support (Crewe, 1992, p.478). We will write a custom essay on Why Did the Polls Get it Wrong in 1992? Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Britain generally has a much greater number of opinion polls carried out than inother countries, this is due to the large number of national newspapers, and theamount of current affairs programming on television. The period prior to the1992 general election saw a much greater intensity of opinion polling than everbefore. During the 29 days between the date of the announcement of the actualelection date, 11th March, and the election date itself, 9th April, there werea total of no less than 57 national opinion polls. The 1992 election will always be remembered as the one the pollsters got wrong,during the lead up to the election, they almost all showed Labour ahead of theTories. Of the four polls carried out in the two days prior to the actualelection date, all of them pointed to a hung parliament; one put theConservatives 0.5% ahead, one put Labour and the Tories neck and neck, the othertwo showed Labour ahead by a narrow margin (Crewe, 1992, p. 8). On the actualday of the election, exit polls carried out by the BBC and ITN both showed therewould be a hung parliament, although both of them had the Conservatives slightlyahead. They were both not far from the actual Conservative 43%, and Labour 35%,and if they had predicted using a uniform swing assumption, they would have beenvery close to the real result. But they adjusted the figures as they weresuspicious of the results being so far out of line with the mornings polls. The polls were not up to their normally high closeness to the actual results forone, or both, of two very broad reasons. Firstly there must have been a lateswing of undecided voters to Conservative, or secondly, that the polls that werecarried out were all inaccurate, obviously for the same or similar reasons. Looking at the first explanation, the theory that there was a late swing ofundecided voters in the favour of the Tories, this would have meant that thepolling companies had all been correct at the time. But this, in itself, couldnot possibly have accounted for the incorrectness of the polls. The swing wouldhave had to be in the order of 4%, which is unbelievably high. Although therewere an exceptional number of undecideds on the eve of the election, and itwas evident from the post election recall surveys that there was a late swingtowards the Tories (Crewe, 1992, p. 485). .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .postImageUrl , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:hover , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:visited , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:active { border:0!important; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:active , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf Society EssayBefore we can look at the second explanation, that the polls were simply wrong,we should look at where the 1992 polls differed from the past, remarkablyaccurate polls. Polling practices had not changed much from previous years, norhad the style of the polling, the questions, samples, etc. One reason that hasbeen put forward is that the polls didnt check that people were eligible tovote or not, this may have caused major discrepancies in the outcome of thepolls. The reason this may have caused such a big problem is that a lot ofpeople may have taken part in opinion polls when they were not registered tovote, this is because they were avoiding having to pay poll tax. In general thepeople avoiding the poll tax in this way were Labour voters, which could explainwhy the forecast polls showed Labour in the lead. On the other hand some peoplemay have thought that simply paying their poll tax entitled them to vote, anddid not actually register. There were reports of dozens of people being turnedaway from polling stations, as they were not registered, this was especiallytrue at polling stations near council estates, again this is where there wouldbe a majority of Labour voters (Crewe, 1992, p.487). A Granada TV survey ofunregistered voters, found that of those interviewed, 42% would have votedLabour, compared to 21% Conservative. Some have said that another reason forthe polls inaccuracies was because they didnt take into account overseas voters,but these are in negligible numbers (on average 50 per constituency, 0.07% ofelectorate). Another good reason for the polls inaccuracies is that, as one columnist put it,we are becoming a nation of liars. This is because a lot of people simplylied to opinion pollsters. It is believed the majority of those who did thiswere Conservative voters, who because of the shame factor didnt likeadmitting that they voted Tory. Also, there could have been a prominence ofConservative voters who didnt want to divulge their vote to pollsters. Thesecould have accounted for up to 5% of voters (Crewe, 1992, p. 487). Also it isargued that some of the electorate taking part in opinion polls lied about theirvote to express their views on certain issues, but still wanting to vote for adifferent party; for example, a person who actually voted Tory could have toldopinion pollsters that they were going to vote for the Green Party because theyare concerned about green issues. This would, in theory, have caused theConservatives to worry about the popularity of the Green Party, and focus moreon envir onmental issues. This kind of thing would have affected the accuracy ofthe opinion polls. The fact that some Conservative voters would lie when faced with an opinionpollsters questions does still not explain away the fact that exit pollsunderestimated the actual Tory lead. This is because these were carried out bya secret ballot, so a shameful Tory would not have had to tell of their voteface-to-face with someone. So, the exit polls should have been far moreaccurate that the forecast polls. This discrepancy is possibly because theexit polls were carried out at a selection of polling stations that did notreflect the nation properly as a whole. i.e. there was a lower proportion ofcouncil tenants interviewed in exit polls than there are in the total electorate. In conclusion, I believe that the failure of the opinion polls to accuratelypredict the outcome of the election is a mixture of both a last-minute swing ofundecided voters towards the Conservatives, as was evident from very late polls,and follow-up surveys, and a systematic underestimation of the Conservative lead,due to the aforementioned shame factor; and also an overestimation of Laboursposition, due to the poll tax, as explained above. .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e , .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .postImageUrl , .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e , .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e:hover , .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e:visited , .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e:active { border:0!important; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e:active , .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Assignment EssayBibliographyBroughton, D. (1995), Public Opinion Polling and Politics in Britain, HarvesterWhitsheaf, Hemel Hempstead. Coxall, B. Robins, L. (1994), Contemporary British Politics (2nd Ed.),Macmillan, London. Crewe, I. (1992), A Nation of Liars: opinion polls and the 1992 generalelection, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 45, pp. 475-495. Crewe, I. (1992), Why did Labour lose (yet again)?, Politics Review, Vol. 2,No. 1, pp. 8-9. Jones, B. Kavanagh, D. (1994), British Politics Today (5th Ed.), ManchesterUniversity Press, Manchester. Ippolito, S.D. (1976), Public Opinion and Responsible Democracy, Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Category: History